Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

The preoperative phase begins when: - The decision to proceed with surgical intervention is made and ends with the transfer of the patient onto the operating room (OR) bed. The intraoperative phase begins when: - The patient is transferred onto the OR bed and ends with admission to the PACU. The postoperative phase begins with: - The admission of the patient to the PACU and ends with a follow-up evaluation in the clinical setting or home Indications for surgery without delay (emergent)...

cardiac glycosides: - *Also called digitalis glycosides* -this group of drugs inhibits the sodium-potassium pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium -This increase leads to an influx of calcium, causing the cardiac muscle fibers to contract more efficiently The patient has left-sided HF when: - -the left ventricle does not contract sufficiently to pump the blood returned from the lungs and left atrium out through the aorta into the peripheral circulation; this causes excess...

Opportunistic Infections - An infection caused by pathogens that take advantage of a host with a weakened immune system. Many of these pathogens do not cause disease in a healthy host that has a normal immune system. AIDS - A person with HIV who has a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm^3 or less than 14% What cells does HIV attack? - the CD4 or helper T-cells What body fluids can carry HIV? - blood, seminal fluid, vaginal secretions, amniotic fluid, and breast milk. HIV is more easily...

How much does the heart weigh? - 300 g Where is the PMI? - Mid-clavicular, 5th intercostal space What does PMI stand for? - point of maximal impulse S1 - Systole, ventricle is contracting, Mitral and Tricuspid Closing, Heard best at the Apex S2 - Diastole, ventricle is filling/perfusing, Aortic and Pulmonic, Head best at the base When are the coronary arteries perfused? - Diastole Why are the coronary arteries perfused during diastole? - During diastole because the ventricle is filling. ...

What are the manifestations of CAD? - Chest pain and apprehensin EKG changes Ventricular aneurysms (death) Dysrhythmias Sudden death If you have pain and apprehension, what do you treat first? - The pain because if the pain is treated the apprehension will go away Aneurysm - A ballooning and weakened area in an artery. This could continue to balloon and eventually pop which is very dangerous. What are the non-modifiable risk factors of CAD? - family history (genetics) age sex/gender...

What is the formula for blood pressure? - Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance Intima - Inner lining Media - Middle Layer Adventitia - Outer Layer Hypertension - When vessel resistance is sustained over time → hyperplasia of arterial media leads to ↓ tissue perfusion & ↓ organ function What are the risk factors for HTN? - Age, obesity, race, stress, heredity, ↑ cholesterol, gender, smoking, caffeine, diet, diabetes At what number must the blood pressure be at...

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) - Upper GI disorder, is the backflow of gastric and duodenal contents into the esophagus. What are the common causes of GERD? - Relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, obesity, , hiatal hernias, H pylori bacteria, eating large meals, pregnancy, Barrertt's Epithelium - When normal tissue lining the esophagus changes to tissue that resembles the lining of the intestine. What are some common symptoms of GERD? - Dyspepsia (indigestion), pain aft...

Seizure - An abnormal, sudden, excessive, uncontrolled electrical discharge of neurons within the brain that may result in a change in level of consciousness. Epilepsy - Two or more seizures experienced by a person; chronic disorder Myoclonic Seizure - Sudden brief contractions. Frequently occur when awaking or when falling asleep. May be symmetric or asymmetric. Atonic Seizure - A sudden loss in muscle tone that is caused by temporary alterations in brain function. The seizures are bri...

Hyperlipidemia - high blood lipid levels Glucagon - A "counterregulatory hormone that has actions opposite those of insulin. Prevents hypoglycemia by triggering the release of glucose from cell storage sites What does prandial mean? - during or relating to the eating of food. True or False: Insulin is like a "key" that opens "locked" membranes to glucose, allowing blood glucose to move into cells to generate energy. - True True or False: Without insulin, glucose builds up in the bod...

What are the characteristics of normal cells? - Limited cell division Undergo apoptosis Show specific morphology Have a small nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio Perform specific differentiated functions Adhere tightly together Nonmigratory Grow in an orderly and well-regulated manner Contact inhibited: if too many cells grow and touch they will not multiply anymore Euploid: 23 chromosomes What are the characteristics of cancer cells? - Have rapid or continuous cell division Do not respond to s...