Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process used to catabolize glucose. What does it mean for this process to be anaerobic? (a) no oxygen is required (b) no oxidation occurs (c) it takes place in the lysosome (d) glucose is broken down by the addition of electrons - ANSWER-A Which of the following stages in the breakdown of the piece of toast you had for breakfast generates the most ATP? (a) the digestion of starch to glucose (b) glycolysis (c) the citric acid cycle (d) oxidative phos...

Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is false? - ANSWER-B ) Proteins to be delivered to the ER lumen are synthesized on smooth Er Which of the following statements about membrane-enclosed organelles is true? (a) In a typical cell, the area of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane far exceeds the area of plasma membrane. (b) The nucleus is the only organelle that is surrounded by a double membrane. (c) Other than the nucleus, most organelles are small and t...

What is a selective barrier? - ANSWER-Within a membrane, there are different concentrations of molecules than the outside of the membrane. What is an internal membrane? - ANSWER-A membrane on an organelle What is the diffusion across a barrier dependent on? - ANSWER-Size and solubility List the types of molecules from easiest to hardest to move across a membrane: - ANSWER-1. Small, nonpolar molecules 2. Small, uncharged polar molecules 3. Larger, uncharged polar molecules 4....

What two methods does proteins use to tell other proteins what they need? - ANSWER-Protein/protein interactions Protein/molecule interactions The Signal that cells receive are converted to a _________ ______. (like a cellphone) - ANSWER-cellular response Signaling Cascade Order - ANSWER-extracellular signal molecule => receptor protein => intracellular signaling molecules => effector proteins => target cell responses What are the three effector proteins and what effect do ...

What is a similarity between a liver and kidney cell? - ANSWER-Both cells have the same DNA. Both cells are generated during the animal's embryological development. What are some differences between a liver and kidney cell? - ANSWER-Both cells express different genes, which produces different proteins. Both cells have different functions in the body. Which structure could be seen using an electron microscope? - ANSWER-Plasma membrane DNA Ribosomes Which structure could not be seen ...

What would be the most obvious outcome of repeated cell cycles consisting of S phase and M phase only? (a) Cells would not be able to replicate their DNA. (b) The mitotic spindle could not assemble. (c) Cells would get larger and larger. (d) The cells produced would get smaller and smaller. - ANSWER-d Which of the following events does not usually occur during interphase? (a) Cells grow in size. (b) The nuclear envelope breaks down. (c) DNA is replicated. (d) The centrosomes are dupli...

Cells - ANSWER-The basic unit from which a living organism is made; consists of an aqueous solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrane. Cell Biology - ANSWER-The study of cells and their structure, function and behavior. Cilium (cilia) - ANSWER-Hairlike structure made of microtubules found on the surface of many eukaryotic cells; when present in large numbers, its rhythmic beating can drive the movement of fluid over the cell surface, as in the epithelium of lungs. DNA - ANSWER...

archaea - ANSWER-One of the two divisions of prokaryote, often found in hostile environments such as hot springs or concentrated brine. bacteria - ANSWER-Commonly used name for any prokaryotic organism, but more precisely refers to the eubacteria, the "true bacteria," one of the three major domains of life. Most are single-celled organisms. Some species of bacteria cause disease. cell - ANSWER-The basic unit from which living organisms are made, consisting of an aqueous solution of organ...

Which statement is true? Choose one: A. The heat released by an animal cell comes from the chemical bond energy present in the food molecules it metabolizes. B. A cell generates order by decreasing the entropy of its surroundings. C. The breakdown of food molecules generates heat, which cells then use to drive the synthesis of large molecules. D. A cell takes in heat from the environment to power its biosynthetic reactions, thereby obeying the second law of thermodynamics. E. Cells obey th...

Protein molecules - ANSWER-Long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds What are proteins referred to as? - ANSWER-Polypeptides (Amino acid chains are called polypeptide chains) What do proteins embedded in the plasma membrane form? - ANSWER-Channels and pumps that control the passage of nutrients and other small molecules into and out of the cell Enzyme function - ANSWER-Speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions Structural protein function - ANSWER-Provide mechanical s...