Musculoskeletal: A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone. A break occurs when force is applied that exceeds the tensile or compressive strength of the boneTypical Complete Fractures Closed fracture Skin overlying the bone is intact Open fracture Communicating wound between bone and skin Comminuted fracture Multiple bone fragmentsExamples of Types of Bone Fractures. A, Oblique: fracture at oblique angle across both cortices. Cause: direct or indirect energy, with angulation and some com...

BronchodilatorsPharmacodynamicsContraindications & PrecautionsADR • usually transient →temporary reduction in dose may alleviate some of the side effects • palpitations • supraventricular & ventricular ectopic beats • CNS excitation → tremors, dizziness, shakiness, nervousness, and restlessness • headache Drug interactions • digitalis glycosides→ increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias→monitor ECG carefully • Beta agonists used with beta-adrenergic blocking agents (in...

PULMONARY: review concepts related to anticholinergic drugs and the treatment for asthmaCARDIOVASCULAR: review concepts related to cardiac output, cardiac contractility – ssystole/diastole & S1 & S2- The cardiac cycle begins with ventricular diastole when the muscle cells in the ventricles are relaxed, allowing for passive movement of 70% of blood from the atria to the ventriclesheart valves (when they are open and closed; the production of S1 & S2),- The superior & inferior ve...

endometrial cycle and the occurrence of ovulation- the menstrual cycle consist of three phases: the follicular/proliferative phase (postmenstrual), followed by the luteal/secretory phase (premenstrual), and the ischemic/menstrual phase. *Ovarian hormones control the uterine (endometrial) events of the menstrual cycle. During the follicular/proliferative phase of the ovarian cycle estrogen produced by the follicle causes the endometrium to proliferate (proliferative phase) and induces the L...

What is the most abundant class of plasma protein? Globulin Albumin Clotting factors Complement proteinsCarcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes? Cells have broken through the local basement membrane. Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells. Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia.Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate and reliable diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man...

Types of immunity-e.g. innate, active, etc (ch 7 ,191) Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural barriers and inflammation Natural barriers are physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body’s surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances in the environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganismsAlveolar ventilation/perfusionTypes of anemia (ch 28,pg 987-1002) anemia is a reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating ...

BRONCHITIS AND ASSOCIATED PATHOGENESIS The pathology of chronic bronchitis includes an inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrate in the airway wall and a neutrophil influx into the airway lumen. The molecular events that produce the inflammation and its pathogenetic role in causing mucus hypersecretion are beginning to be elucidated Bronchitis: inflammation of all or part of the bronchial tree (the bronchi), through which air passes into the lungs. The most obvious symptoms are a sensation of che...

The lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via which nerve? Correct! Vagus Phrenic Brachial PectoralWhat is the action of urodilatin? Urodilatin causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles. It causes vasodilation of the efferent arterioles. Urodilatin inhibits antidiuretic hormone secretion. Correct! It inhibits salt and water reabsorption.What is the direct action of atrial natriuretic hormone? Sodium retention Correct! Sodium excretion Water retention Water excretionWhich ...

Advanced Pathophysiology Week 3 COMPLETE questions and answers Quiz / Advanced Pathophysiology Week 3 COMPLETE questions and answers Quiz.