Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology

Mnemonics for clotting factors (Physiology) The clotting cascade may be defined as the series of events that occur by our platelets, under the influence of an activated immune system, in order to form a blood clot to prevent the excessive loss of blood from the body (Hemostasis) The clotting factors are substances which take part in the process of coagulation. Most of them are synthesized in the Liver. Their availability is extremely important in the body as their deficiency can cause several bleeding disorders. The clotting cascade consists of two pathways: Intrinsic pathway and Extrinsic pathway. Both, intrinsic and extrinsic pathway work in harmony. The end result of these pathways is the formation of a blood clot which is usually formed after 1-6 minutes of getting a small injury.

Upper Respiratory Tract Anatomy Digestive system consist of the digestive tract, (alimentary canal), a tube extending from the mouth and ends at the anus and its associated accessory organs. • The gastrointestinal system is the portal through which nutritive substances, vitamins, minerals, and fluids enter the body. The products of digestion and the vitamins, minerals, and water cross the mucosa and enter the lymph or the blood for the absorption. Nutrients and vitamins are necessary for growth and maintenance The regions of the alimentary canal The mouth or oral cavity The pharynx, or throat The oesophagus The stomach The small intestine The large intestine The anus The gastrointestinal tract is made of four layers of tissues: Mucosa is the innermost layer made up of three layers The inner epithelium lamina propria muscularis mucosae Submucosa: this layer is composed of connective tissue, it contains numerous small glands, blood vessels, and parasympathetic nerves that form the submucosal plexus (Meissner plexus) Muscular: is thick layer of smooth muscle tissue which consists of inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer Between the two layers of muscles there is a nervous plexus called myenteric plexus (Auerbach plexus) Serosa: is the outermost layer of made up loose connective tissue (visceral peritoneum) Layers of the GI tract have various modifications to enable it to perform various functions Functions of the Gastrointestinal System Ingestion; taking in food into the stomach through the oral cavity although liquid can be introduced directly into the stomach by nasogastric tube. Mastication; is the process by which food taken into the mouth is chewed by the teeth and broken down into small particles. Digestive enzymes cannot easily penetrate solid food particles and can only work effectively on the surfaces of the particles Propulsion; moves the contents along the alimentary tract. Each segment of the digestive tract is specialized to assist in moving its contents from the oral to the anal end Deglutition or swallowing moves food and liquids called bolus from the oral cavity into the oesophagus which is enhanced by: o Peristalsis is responsible moving material through most of the digestive tract. o Muscular contractions occur in peristaltic waves, consisting of a wave of relaxation of the circular muscles which forces the bolus along the digestive tube • Digestion consists of o Mechanical digestion, which involve mastication and mixing of food. o Chemical digestion which prepares food for absorption and utilization by all the cells of the body. Absorption; is the movement of molecules out of the digestive tract and into the circulation or into the lymphatic system. Elimination; is the process by which the waste products of digestion are removed from the body. Food material not absorbed becomes feces that are eliminated by the process of defecation

Immune system All you need about adaptive and innate immunity

Aplastic Anaemia These notes are about a type of anaemia which caused due to marked reduction of marrow blood cells. and it is known as aplastic anaemia.

Calcium Esential minerals,their physiological importance in the body ,their mechanism of actions and also their deficiency and toxicity

Blood physiology notes from Guyton's physiology This presentation will cover:- Functions of blood • Blood composition • Blood plasma, composition, • Plasma proteins and their functions • Formed elements (cells) in blood • Red blood cells: function, count, size and shape • Areas of RBC formation • Erythropoiesis and factors affecting erythropoiesis • Hemoglobin: synthesis, types • RBC destruction, jaundice • Iron metabolism • Disorders of RBCs: Anemia, types Polycythemia, types

Parasympathetic system Autonomic nervous system -parasympathetic nervous system

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY MCQS WITH ANSWERS This are 52 respiratory physiology mcqs with answers.This will help you in preparing for your physiology exam

Cardiovascular system Cardiorespiratory system well explained